Lahore, Pakistan’s second-largest city, home to over 13 million people, is grappling with a persistent and severe smog crisis. The city’s air quality index (AQI) has alarmingly surpassed 1,000 in recent times, far exceeding the hazardous threshold of 300. Common contributors such as the burning of agricultural waste, industrial emissions, and adverse weather conditions exacerbate the problem. Currently, Lahore’s average AQI stands at 607, with some areas experiencing even higher levels, raising serious public health concerns.
In response, the Punjab provincial government has initiated several strategies, including the launch of the Green Punjab App, the Climate Leadership Development Internship Program, and the deployment of the Anti-smog Squad, along with employing electric buses. Furthermore, the Lahore High Court has taken decisive actions by limiting market hours and public gatherings during high smog episodes. During a recent hearing, Justice Shahid Karim emphasized that transportation, particularly due to the use of low-grade fuel, is responsible for 70 to 80 percent of the air pollution. He has suggested more substantial measures, such as reducing vehicle emissions, extending a 10-year policy to combat smog, and utilizing police units to monitor smoky vehicles.
Pakistan’s judiciary has a significant track record of advocating for environmental rights through influential interpretations of the Constitution. This has been evidenced by key rulings such as in the cases of Shehla Zia v. WAPDA and Asghar Leghari v. the Government of Pakistan, positioning environmental justice within the right to life. Additionally, the recent introduction of Article 9A within the Pakistani Constitution further strengthens the judicial framework for environmental protection. This amendment explicitly entitles every person to a “clean, healthy, and sustainable environment,” marking a significant step towards environmental constitutionalism in the country.
As Pakistan copes with climate change impacts, robust enforcement of these rights under Article 9A will be critical. The amendment places an obligation on the government to prioritize environmental conservation and sustainable practices. Such a commitment is essential for Pakistan to pursue a future where citizens can enjoy clean air and a healthier environment.