In the aftermath of Cameroon’s October 12, 2025, presidential election, the nation has witnessed a surge in violence and mass arrests, drawing sharp criticism from human rights organizations. Human Rights Watch has condemned the government’s use of lethal force against protesters contesting the re-election of President Paul Biya.
The Constitutional Council declared Biya, 92, the winner with 53.66% of the vote, extending his tenure that began in 1982. His main opponent, Issa Tchiroma Bakary, alleged electoral fraud and proclaimed himself the victor, leading to widespread demonstrations across major cities, including Douala, Yaoundé, Garoua, and Maroua. These protests were met with a heavy-handed response from security forces, who employed tear gas, water cannons, and live ammunition. Reports indicate that at least four people were killed in Douala’s New Bell neighborhood on October 26, with opposition sources suggesting the death toll could be as high as 55. Additionally, up to 2,000 individuals have been detained, according to a collective of lawyers assisting those arrested.
Ilaria Allegrozzi, senior Africa researcher at Human Rights Watch, stated, “The violent crackdown on protesters and ordinary citizens across Cameroon lays bare a deepening pattern of repression that casts a dark cloud over the election.” She urged authorities to “immediately rein in, investigate, and prosecute responsible security forces.”
The government’s response has intensified the political crisis. Communication Minister René-Emmanuel Sadi acknowledged “several dozen” deaths and announced ongoing investigations. However, given the country’s history of impunity, skepticism remains regarding the outcomes of these inquiries. Opposition leader Tchiroma has issued a 48-hour ultimatum for the release of detainees, warning of potential further unrest if demands are not met.
Cameroon is a signatory to international human rights treaties, including the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, which guarantee the rights to life, freedom of assembly, and expression. The recent actions of the security forces appear to contravene these commitments, raising concerns about the state of democracy and human rights in the country.
The international community continues to monitor the situation closely, urging the Cameroonian government to uphold its obligations and ensure the protection of its citizens’ fundamental rights.