The conflict in Sudan is being fueled by foreign nations, according to a report released by the UN Independent International Fact-Finding Mission on Sudan. External support has not only bolstered the military capabilities of the Sudanese Armed Forces (SAF) and the Rapid Support Forces (RSF) but also intensified the suffering of civilians in the region.
The report highlights that the acquisition of surveillance systems, long-distance weapons, including drones, and other military equipment by the RSF and SAF has been significantly supported by foreign sources. This expansion in military capacity has resulted in a wider geographical reach of the conflict, inflicting severe damage to infrastructure such as electricity, water, and transportation systems. Critically, essential services, including health facilities, have also been targeted, as evidenced by attacks on a hospital and school in Kalogoi and a displacement site in Kulba.
These actions have been deemed violations of Customary International Humanitarian Law (IHL), which mandates that attacks must not target civilian objects and must minimize civilian harm. Moreover, SAF drone strikes in Ad-Da’ein and markets in Abu Zaima and Yabus were identified as violations under the Geneva Conventions, underscoring the need for compliance with international humanitarian norms.
Despite the arms embargo imposed by the UN Security Council, concerns persist over increasing foreign involvement. Networks linked to the RSF have been acquiring artillery and other military equipment from entities in the United Arab Emirates, Chad, Libya, and Somalia. Arms supplied in contravention of the embargo are complicit in potential crimes under international law.
Approximately 2,000 foreign military personnel, reportedly from Colombia, are involved, providing vital support in terms of systems, weapons, intelligence, and even engaging in direct operations. This activity is in direct conflict with the UN Convention against Mercenaries and the Organization of African Unity Convention that mandate the suppression of mercenary practices.
While some countries like Chad and the United Arab Emirates are cooperating with UN investigations, the Fact-Finding Mission underscores the urgent need for international efforts to address and mitigate the external support that fuels and entrenches the conflict. The broader implications of this conflict highlight the complex interplay between local hostilities and international interests, necessitating a coordinated global response.